نویسنده
استادیار گروه جامعه شناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
چکیده
تجربه دینی به‌عنوان یکی از موضوعات مورد توجه دین‌پژوهان، پیشینه کلامی و زمینه‌های اجتماعی روشنی در غرب و مسیحیت دارد و روند فزونی گرفتنِ توجهات به آن نیز کاملاً قابل درک و ردیابی است. اما نضج و نمو آن در ایران همچون بسیاری مفاهیم و مقولات دیگر، از روند طبیعی برخوردار نبوده، بلکه از طریق تأملات صِرف آکادمیک و تبادلات روشنفکرانه به‌وقوع پیوسته است. این مقاله بی‌آنکه قصد ارزشیابیِ کلامی این مفهوم با نظر به آموزه‌های اسلامی را داشته باشد، تلاش دارد با اشاره به برخی ریشه‌های الهیاتی و عقبه‌های تاریخی ـ اجتماعی آن در غرب، توجه متألهین و فلاسفه دین از یک‌سو و روان‌شناسان و جامعه‌شناسان دین را از سوی دیگر، به لزوم بذل احتیاط و دقت نظر هر‌چه بیشتر در تشخیص و تدقیق مفهومی و تعیین جایگاه و مرتبت حقیقی آن در دین و نسبتش با دین‌داری جلب کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Allport, G. & Ross, J. (1967) “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice”, in
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.5 (-): 432443-.
Argyle, M. (2000) Psychology and Religion: An Introduction, London & New York:
Routledge.
Barbor, I. (1374 [1995 A.D]) Elm va Din (Persian Translation of Science and Religion),
Translated by Bahâodin Xoramšâhi, Tehran: Našr-e Dânešgâhi.
Beit-hallahmi, B. & Argyle, M. (1997) The Psychology of Religious Behavior, Belief
and Experience, London & New York: Routledge.
Berger, P. (1980) The Heretical Imperative: Contemporary Possibilities of Religion
Affirmation, London: Collins.
Cornwall, M. et al. (1986) “The dimensions of Religiosity: A Conceptual Model with an
Empirical Test”, in Journal of Review of Religious Research, Vol. 27 (3): 244-266.
Davis, C. (1989) The Evidential Force of Religious Experience, Oxford: New York.
Dijong, G. & Warland, R. (1976) “Dimensions of Religiosity Reconsidered: Evidence
from Across-Cultural Study”, in Social Forces, Vol. 54(4): 866889-.
Eliade, M. (1372 [1993 A.D]) Resâle-h dar Târix-e Adyân (Persian Translation of Traite
d, historie des Religions), Translated by Jalâl Satâri, Tehran: Soroš.
Freund, J. (1362 [1983 A.D]) Jâmeešenâsi-ye Max Weber (Persian Translation of The
Sociology of Max Weber), Translated by Abdolhossein Nik Gohar, Tehran: Nikân.
Glock, C. & Rodney, S. (1965) Religion and Society in Tension, Chicago: Rand
macnally & Company.
______ (1966) Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism, New York: Harper & Row.
Greely, A. (1975) The Sociology of the Paranormal, London: Sage.
Hill, P. & Ralph, W. (eds.) (1999) Measure of Religiosity, Birmingham, Alabama:
Religious Education Press.
Himmelfarb, H. (1975) “Measuring Religious Involvement”, in Social Forces Vol.
53(4): 606618-.
Hood, R. (1970) “Religious Orientation and the Report of Religious Experience”, in
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.9 (-): 285291-.
James, W. (1982) The Varieties of Religious Experience, U.S.A: Penguin Book.
King, M. & Richard, H. (1972) “Measuring the Religious Variable: Replication”, in
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.5 (-): 432443-.
Argyle, M. (2000) Psychology and Religion: An Introduction, London & New York:
Routledge.
Barbor, I. (1374 [1995 A.D]) Elm va Din (Persian Translation of Science and Religion),
Translated by Bahâodin Xoramšâhi, Tehran: Našr-e Dânešgâhi.
Beit-hallahmi, B. & Argyle, M. (1997) The Psychology of Religious Behavior, Belief
and Experience, London & New York: Routledge.
Berger, P. (1980) The Heretical Imperative: Contemporary Possibilities of Religion
Affirmation, London: Collins.
Cornwall, M. et al. (1986) “The dimensions of Religiosity: A Conceptual Model with an
Empirical Test”, in Journal of Review of Religious Research, Vol. 27 (3): 244-266.
Davis, C. (1989) The Evidential Force of Religious Experience, Oxford: New York.
Dijong, G. & Warland, R. (1976) “Dimensions of Religiosity Reconsidered: Evidence
from Across-Cultural Study”, in Social Forces, Vol. 54(4): 866889-.
Eliade, M. (1372 [1993 A.D]) Resâle-h dar Târix-e Adyân (Persian Translation of Traite
d, historie des Religions), Translated by Jalâl Satâri, Tehran: Soroš.
Freund, J. (1362 [1983 A.D]) Jâmeešenâsi-ye Max Weber (Persian Translation of The
Sociology of Max Weber), Translated by Abdolhossein Nik Gohar, Tehran: Nikân.
Glock, C. & Rodney, S. (1965) Religion and Society in Tension, Chicago: Rand
macnally & Company.
______ (1966) Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism, New York: Harper & Row.
Greely, A. (1975) The Sociology of the Paranormal, London: Sage.
Hill, P. & Ralph, W. (eds.) (1999) Measure of Religiosity, Birmingham, Alabama:
Religious Education Press.
Himmelfarb, H. (1975) “Measuring Religious Involvement”, in Social Forces Vol.
53(4): 606618-.
Hood, R. (1970) “Religious Orientation and the Report of Religious Experience”, in
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.9 (-): 285291-.
James, W. (1982) The Varieties of Religious Experience, U.S.A: Penguin Book.
King, M. & Richard, H. (1972) “Measuring the Religious Variable: Replication”, in
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.11 (-): 240251-.
Maslow, A. (1970) Motivation and Personality, New York: Carper & Row.
Otto, R. (1958) The Idea of the Holly, London: Oxford University Press.
Pals, D. (1382 [2003 A.D]) Haft Nazariye-h dar Bâb-e Din (Persian Translation of
Seven Theories on Religion), Translated by Mohammad Aziz Baxtiyâri, Qom:
Moasese-h Amozeši va Pažoheši-ye Imam Khomayni.
Proudfoot, W. (1377 [1998A.D]) Tajrobe-h Dini (Persian Translation of Religious
Experience), Taranslated by Abbâs Yazdâni, Qom: Tâhâ.
Schachter, S. (1964) “The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinations
of Emotional State”, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.1 (-):
4980-.
Siravâni, A. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Mabâni-ye Nazari-ye Tajrobe-h Dini: Motâle-h Tatbiqi
va Enteqâdi-ye Ârâ-ye Ebn-e Arabi va Rodolf Oto (Persian Translation of The
Theoretical Basis of Religious Experience: The Critical and Comparative Study of
Ebn-e Arabi and Rodolf Oto), Qom: Bostân-e Ketâb.
Šojâi Zand, A. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Modeli Barâ-ye Sanješ-e Dindâri dar Iran”
(Persian Translation of a Model for Measurement of Religiosity in Iran), Majale-h
Jâmeešenâsi-ye Iran, Vol.6 (1): 34-66.
Soroš, A. (1385 [2006A.D]) “Islam-e Hoviyat tâ Siyâsat-e Orfi” (Persian Translation
of [from] Islam of Identity to the Western Politics), in Roznâme-h Šarq, No. 835.
Stark, R. & Charles, G. (1970) American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment,
California: University of California Press.
Sykes, S. (1374 [1995 A.D]) Friedrish Scheiermacher (Persian Translation of Friedrish
Scheiermacher), Translation by Manočehr Sânei-ye Dare-h bidi, Tehran: Garos.
Vakh, U. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Jâmeešenâsi-ye Din (Persian Translation of The Sociology
of Religion), Translated by Jamšid Azâdegân, Tehran: Samt.
Weber, M. (1371 [1992 A.D]) Axlâq-e Protestân va Roh-e Sarmâye-h Dâri (Persian
Translation of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism), Translated by
Abolmabod Ansâri, Tehran: Samt.
Wilber, K. (1983) Sociable God: A Brief Introduction to a Transcendental Sociology,
New York: New Press.
Yamane, D. (2000) “Narrative and Religious Experience”, in Sociology of Religion,
Vol. 61(2): 89-171.
الیاده، م. (1381) رساله‌در تاریخ‌ادیان، ترجمه‌جلال‌ستاری، تهران: سروش باربور، ا. (1374) علم و دین، ترجمه‌بهاءالدین‌خرمشاهی، تهران: نشر دانش گاهی. پالس، د. (1382) هفت نظریه در مورد دین، ترجمه محمدعزیز بختیاری، قم: مؤسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی. پراودفوت، و. (1377) تجربه دینی، ترجمه عباس یزدانی، قم: طه. سروش، ع. (1385) اسلام هویت تا سیاست عرفی(گفتگو)، روزنامه شرق (ش. 835) 25 مرداد. سایکس، ا. (1374) فریدریش شلایرماخر، ترجمه منوچهر صانعی دره‌بیدی، تهران: گروس. شجاعی‌زند، ع. ر. «مدلی برای سنجش دین‌داری در ایران» مجله جامعه‌شناسی ایران 6 (1), 34-66
شیروانی، ع. (1381) مبانی نظری تجربه دینی: مطالعه تطبیقی و انتقادی آرای ابن‌عربی و رودلف اُتو، قم: بوستان کتاب. فروند، ژ. (1362) جامعه‌شناسی ماکس وبر، ترجمه‌عبدالحسین‌نیک‌گهر، تهران: نیکان. واخ، ی. (1380) جامعه‌شناسی دین، ترجمه جمشید آزادگان، تهران: سمت. وبر، م. (1371) اخلاق پروتستان و روح سرمایه‌داری، ترجمه‌عبدالمعبود انصاری، تهران: سمت. Allport, G. & Ross, J. “Personal Religious Orientation and Prejudice” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5, 432-443 Argyle, M. (2000) Psychology and Religion: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge. Beit-hallahmi, B. & Argyle, M. (1997) The Psychology of Religious Behavior, Belief and Experience, London & New York: Routledge. Berger, P. (1980) The Heretical Imperative: Contemporary Possibilities of Religion Affirmation, London: Collins. Cornwall, M. et al. The Dimensions of Religiosity: A Conceptual Model with an Empirical Test” Journal of Review of Religious Research, 27 (3), 244-266
Davis, C. (1989) The Evidential Force of Religious Experience, Oxford: New York. Dijong, G. & Warland, R. “Dimensions of Religiosity Reconsidered: Evidence from Across-Cultural Study” Social Forces 54 (4), 866-889 Glock, C. & Rodney, S. (1965) Religion and Society in Tension, Chicago: Rand macnally & Company. Glock, C. & Rodney, S. (1966) Christian Beliefs and Anti-Semitism, New York: Harper & Row. Greely, A. (1975) The Sociology of the Paranormal, London: sage. Himmelfarb, H “Measuring Religious Involvement” Social Forces 53 (4), 606-618
1Hill, P. & Ralph, W. (eds.) (1999) ) Measure of Religiosity, Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press. Hood, R. “Religious Orientation and the Report of Religious Experience” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 9, 285-291
James, W. (1982) The Varieties of Religious Experience, U.S.A: Penguin Book. 1King, M. & Richard, H. (1972) “Measuring the Religious Variable: Replication” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 11, 240-251 Maslow, A. (1970) Motivation and Personality, New York: Carper & Row. Otto, R. (1958) The Idea of the Holly, London: Oxford University Press. Schachter, S. “The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinations of Emotional State”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 1, 49-80 Stark, R. & Charles, G. (1970) American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment, California: University of California Press. Wilber, K. (1983) Sociable God: A Brief Introduction to a Transcendental Sociology, New York: New Press. Yamane, D. “Narrative and Religious Experience” Sociology of Religion 61 (2), 89-171
Maslow, A. (1970) Motivation and Personality, New York: Carper & Row.
Otto, R. (1958) The Idea of the Holly, London: Oxford University Press.
Pals, D. (1382 [2003 A.D]) Haft Nazariye-h dar Bâb-e Din (Persian Translation of
Seven Theories on Religion), Translated by Mohammad Aziz Baxtiyâri, Qom:
Moasese-h Amozeši va Pažoheši-ye Imam Khomayni.
Proudfoot, W. (1377 [1998A.D]) Tajrobe-h Dini (Persian Translation of Religious
Experience), Taranslated by Abbâs Yazdâni, Qom: Tâhâ.
Schachter, S. (1964) “The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinations
of Emotional State”, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.1 (-):
4980-.
Siravâni, A. (1381 [2002 A.D]) Mabâni-ye Nazari-ye Tajrobe-h Dini: Motâle-h Tatbiqi
va Enteqâdi-ye Ârâ-ye Ebn-e Arabi va Rodolf Oto (Persian Translation of The
Theoretical Basis of Religious Experience: The Critical and Comparative Study of
Ebn-e Arabi and Rodolf Oto), Qom: Bostân-e Ketâb.
Šojâi Zand, A. (1384 [2005 A.D]) “Modeli Barâ-ye Sanješ-e Dindâri dar Iran”
(Persian Translation of a Model for Measurement of Religiosity in Iran), Majale-h
Jâmeešenâsi-ye Iran, Vol.6 (1): 34-66.
Soroš, A. (1385 [2006A.D]) “Islam-e Hoviyat tâ Siyâsat-e Orfi” (Persian Translation
of [from] Islam of Identity to the Western Politics), in Roznâme-h Šarq, No. 835.
Stark, R. & Charles, G. (1970) American Piety: The Nature of Religious Commitment,
California: University of California Press.
Sykes, S. (1374 [1995 A.D]) Friedrish Scheiermacher (Persian Translation of Friedrish
Scheiermacher), Translation by Manočehr Sânei-ye Dare-h bidi, Tehran: Garos.
Vakh, U. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Jâmeešenâsi-ye Din (Persian Translation of The Sociology
of Religion), Translated by Jamšid Azâdegân, Tehran: Samt.
Weber, M. (1371 [1992 A.D]) Axlâq-e Protestân va Roh-e Sarmâye-h Dâri (Persian
Translation of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism), Translated by
Abolmabod Ansâri, Tehran: Samt.
Wilber, K. (1983) Sociable God: A Brief Introduction to a Transcendental Sociology,
New York: New Press.
Yamane, D. (2000) “Narrative and Religious Experience”, in Sociology of Religion,
Vol. 61(2): 89-171.
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