نویسنده
عضو گروه انسان شناسی دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
جهانی‌شدن روند متناقض مدرنیته را تشدید کرده و آن را درون فرایندی متقابل از همگن‌سازی‌ها و ناهمگن‌سازی‌های هویتی ـ جماعتی وارد نموده است. اثر مشخص این امر گسترش مطلق شمار هویت‌های اقلیتی در سطوح بومی و محلی از یک سو، و تداخل نقش‌های هویتی و شکل‌گیری هویت‌های اجتماعی هر چه گسترده‌تر در قالب‌های غیر بومی و فراملی از سوی دیگر است. شهرها به مثابه پهنه‌‌های اصلی تبلور یافتن فضاییِ هویت‌ها و روزمرگی شهری به مثابه زمان اصلی بیان این هویت‌ها، امروز بیش از پیش مطرح هستند. هم از این رو مفهوم سبک زندگی که در دهه های پس از جنگ جهانی دوم و عمدتاً در چارچوب نظریه‌های برون آمده از مطالعات فرهنگی مطرح شده بود در ترکیب خود با مفهوم روزمرگی در معنایی لوفبوری از این واژه امروز باید به گونه‌ای دیگر تفسیر شود. زمانی که این دو مفهوم را در تقاطعی معنایی با دو مفهوم دیگر خرده‌فرهنگ و اقلیت قرار دهیم، باز هم به موقعیت‌های پیچیده‌تری می‌رسیم که ما را با شرایطی نسبتاً بی‌نظیر در شکل‌گیری فرهنگ‌های انسانی و پویایی آن‌ها روبرو می‌کند. آن‌چه در مقاله حاضر مورد نظر است حرکت از این چارچوب فکری و تلاش برای کاربرد آن در شرایط خاص ایران است که در آن همچون بسیاری دیگر از کشورهای در حال توسعه جهانی شدن به امواج مقاومت هویتی- جماعت دامن زده است، ولو اینکه این مقاومت لزوما شکل فعال نداشته و در حوزه خود آگاه قرار نمی‌گیرد. بنابراین هدف ما در این مقاله آن است که نشان دهیم چگونه گسست‌های کنونی جامعه ما در تبلورِ فضایی – زمانی خود و از خلال بیان و بروز خویش در سبک‌های زندگی در سطح شهرها برونیت یافته و چه پی‌آمدهای کوتاه و دراز مدتی را می‌توان از این فرایند انتظار داشت. رویکرد مقاله، رویکردی کاربردی است که تلاش می‌کند به راهکارهایی عملی به ویژه در زمینه سیاست‌گذاری‌های راهبردی و راهکاری در زمینه فرهنگ عمومی دست یابد و همین امر آن را در تداخلی نظری بین دو حوزه انسان‌شناسی و مطالعات فرهنگی قرار می دهد.
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in Iran: A Critical Examination”, in Critique: Critical Middle Eastern
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Anzieu, D. (1985) Le Moi-Peau, paris: Dunod.
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Tarh-e No publication.
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No. 46, pp 43_47.
Fakouhi, N. (1383 [2004 A.D])” Esterâte~i-ye Tose-eh az Xelâel-e
Demokrâsi- ye Farhangi” (Persian translation of Strategy of Development
through Cultural Democracy), in Hamâyea-e Tose-e-ye Farhangi Avâmel
va Mavâne.
Fakouhi, N. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Ensânaenâsi-ye `ahri (Persian translation of
Urban Anthropology), Terhan: Naar-e Ney.
Fakouhi, N .(1385 [2006 A.D]) “Anthropological Study of Associations of
Reli- gious Minorities in Tehran”, Nameh, no.46, pp.43-47.
Fakouhi, N. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Anthropological Study of Associations of
Re- ligious Minorities in Tehran, Tehran University: Research Deputy of
Social
Sciences Faculty.
Fakouhi, N. (1385 [2006 A.D]) Taqviyat-e Axlâq-e `ahrvandi: Râhi Barâ-ye
Demokrâsi-ye Moaârekati (Persian translation of Empowering Ethic of
Citizenship as a way Toward Participative Democracy), Tehran: Hamâyeae
Ensânaenâsi-ye Farhangi.
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Foucault, M. (1963) Naissance de la clinique,Paris: PUF.
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Gil, F. (1999) Identité_ , in, Encyclopédie Universalis, Cd- Rom.
Goody, J. (1983) The Development of the Family and marriage, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Grafmeyer, Y. (1996) Ecole de Chicago, in Encyclopedia Universalis,cdrom.
Gramsci, A. (1999) Prison Notebooks, London: ElecBooks.
Habermas, J., (2006) Time of Transition, London: Blackwell Press.
Hall, S.& Jefferson, T. (1993) Resistance Through Rituals, Youth
Subcultures_ in Post-War Britain, London: Routledge.
Hartley, J. (2003) A Short History of Cultural Studies, London: Sage Publications.
Habibi, S. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Az `ahr ta `ahr (Persian translation of From City
to City), Terhan: Tehran University Publication.
Hei-at, J. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Sayri dar Târix-e Zabân va Lahjehâ-ye Torki
(Persian translation of Re-view of Language History and Turkish Accents),
Tehran: Naar-e Pelikân.
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soci- ete, paris: Editions Sciences Humaines.
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Mâdarân va Doxtarân” (Persian translation of Gender Identity of Mothers
Grand Illusion?”, in Booth et al., op. cit., pp. 223-250.
Lechner, F.J., & Boli, J. (eds.). (2000) The Globalization Reader, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Levi-Strauss, Cl. (2000) L_Identité, Paris: PUF.
Lorestani, F.(1382[2003 A.D])” Jonbesh-e Ejtema-ee-e Zanan-e Iran” (Persian
Translation of Social Movements of Iranian Women), in Faslnameh- ye
Pazhoohesh-e Zanan, first period,no.6, summer,pp.23-42.
Maqsoudi, M. (1380 [2001 A.D]) Tahavolât-e Qomi dar Iran (Persian
translation of Ethnic Evolution in Iran), Tehran: the Institute for National
Studies.
Matterlat, A. (1999) “Mondialisation et culture”, in Encyclopédie Universalis,
Cd-Rom.
Mirmohammadi, D. (1383 [2004 A.D]) Goftârhâ-ye Darbâre-ye Hoviyat-e
Melli-ye Iran (Persian Translation of Discourses on National Identity in
Iran), Tehran: the Institute of National Identity.
Mirmohammadi, J. (1384 [ 2005 A.D]) “Zabân-e Kordi az Sonat-e `afâhi tâ
Zabân-e Neveatâri” (Persian translation of Kurdish Language from Verbal
Tradition to Writing Language), Faslnâmeh-ye Zaribâr, no.5&6,pp.41-60.
Moren, A. (1382[2003 A.D]) Hoviyat-e Ensâni va Ensâniyat-e Ensân; Tavea-e
Panj (Persian Translation of Human Identity, Humanity of Humanity, fifth
method), Translated by Amir Nikpey va Fâeze Mohammadi, Tehran: Qasidehsarâ
Publication.
Mucchielli, A. (1999) L_Identite, Paris: PUF.
Nafisi, H .(1382 [2003A.D]) Sâxt-e `odan-e Farhanghâ-ye Dar Tabeed,
Kânâl- hâ-ye Telvizioni-ye Irani dar Los Angles (Persian Translation of
Forma- tion of Exiled Cultures, Iranian TV Channels in LA), Tehran:
Moasese-ye Farhangi-ye ?yandepooyân-e Tehran.
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Press.
Raulin, A. (2000) Anthropologie Urbaine, Paris: A.Colin.
Ritzer, G. (1998) The Mcdonaldization Thesis, London & New York: Sage
Publications.
Ritzer, G. (2004 a) The Gobalization of Nothing, London & New York: Forge
Press.
Ritzer, G. (2004 b)The Mcdonaldization of Society, London & New York:
Forge Press.
Ruano- Borbalan, J.C. (Coord.) (1998)_Identite, l_individu, le groupe, la
soci- ete, paris: Editions Sciences Humaines.
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(Persian Translation of Sociology of Kurdish People)Translated by
Ebrâhim Yunesii,Tehran: Pâniz Publication.
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UK: Verso.
Zâhedi-e Mâzandarâni, M.J. (1384 [2004 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye
Ejtemâât-e Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues
of Rural Communities in Iran), in Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran,
Gorooh-e Moallefân,Tehran: Payâm-e Noor Publication.
spring.
Scherrer, Ch.P. (2003) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Violence, in Canada,
London & Newyok: Ashgate.
Schnapper, D. (1996) ”Integration et exclusion dans les societies”, in Paugam,
S., 1996. L_Exclusion, l_etat des saviors, Paris: La découverte.
Segalen, M. (1986) Historical Anthropology of the Family, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Shaditalab, J. (1382 [2002 A.D]) “Tose-eh va _âleahâ-ye Zanân-e Iran”
(Persian translation of Develo ment and Challenges of Iranian Women),
Faslnâmeh-ye Motâleât-e Javanân, Vol 2.
Soltânzadeh, H. (1365 [1986 A.D]) Moqadamei Bar `ahr va `ahrneaini
(Persian translation of An Introduction on Urban and Urbanization),
Tehran: Naar-e ?bi.
Soltânzadeh, H. (1366 [1987 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye Ejtemâât-e
Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues of Rural
Communities in Iran), In Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran, Tehran:
Payâm-e Noor Publication.
Soltânzâdeh, H. (1366 [ 1987 A.D]) `ahr va `arneaini Dar Iran (Persian
translation of City and Ur-banization in Iran), Tehran: Naar-e ?bi.
Tylor, A.Ch., (2002 ) “Ethnie”, in, Bonte, P., Izard, M., Dictionnaire de
l_ethnologie et de l_anthropologie, Paris: PUF.
Van Broein Sen, M .(1379 [2000 A.D]) Jâmeaenâsi-ye Mardom-e Kord
(Persian Translation of Sociology of Kurdish People)Translated by
Ebrâhim Yunesii,Tehran: Pâniz Publication.
Wacquant, L. (2006) Parias urains, ghettos, banlieues, Etat, Paris: La Découverte.
Wainwright, H. (2003) Reclaim the State, experiments in popular democracy,
UK: Verso.
Zâhedi-e Mâzandarâni, M.J. (1384 [2004 A.D]) “Masâel-e Jâmeaenâxti-ye
Ejtemâât-e Roostâi dar Iran” (Persian translation of Sociological Issues
of Rural Communities in Iran), in Barrasi-ye Masâele Ejtemâi-ye Iran,
Gorooh-e Moallefân,Tehran: Payâm-e Noor Publication.
)
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