Intercultural Communications
Amirreza Vakilifard; Elham Abbasijokandan
Abstract
Considering the paramount influence of culture on linguistic communication among human beings, the expansion of intercultural communication competence in learners in the process of language learning is highly imperative. Due to the lack of field research on this subject, the present study intends to ...
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Considering the paramount influence of culture on linguistic communication among human beings, the expansion of intercultural communication competence in learners in the process of language learning is highly imperative. Due to the lack of field research on this subject, the present study intends to investigate non-Iranian Persian language learners’ views on culture and intercultural communication competence. The study sample consists of 104 Persian language learners from different countries who are studying in Iran. The results of this study are based on the analysis of the data obtained via a structured questionnaire. Accordingly, Persian language learners believed that instructors enhanced their language skills and enabled them to use Persian for academic purposes. But they argued that the level of motivation of teachers to teach them was not satisfactory. In addition, the findings revealed that, since the participants were residing in Iran at the time of the study, they were largely familiar with the country, culture, and people of Iran. However, they were not satisfied with the amount of time devoted to culture and intercultural communication skills in Persian language textbooks intended for non-Persian speakers. One of the implications of the study was that intercultural communication skills need to be addressed in Persian language classrooms so that the learners could acquire intercultural communication competence.
Al-Farabi and Cultural Policy-Making
R. Hoseinpour Tonekaboni; J. Masoudi
Abstract
"Governance" is a new model and method in the field of politics and management, which has attracted the attention of many thinkers in the last few years. This model has many types, one of which is ethical governance. This governance, which insists on "management and administration" based on values, is ...
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"Governance" is a new model and method in the field of politics and management, which has attracted the attention of many thinkers in the last few years. This model has many types, one of which is ethical governance. This governance, which insists on "management and administration" based on values, is a group action planned by the rulers and managers in order to implement a decent ethical system to integrate all business under a set and organization. Farabi is the first Iranian Muslim philosopher who, in addition to founding Islamic philosophy; has been the designer of many political and ethical discourse. In his political philosophy and civil science, he saw ethics and politics together, and the way to achieve the utopia of good fortune is only by converting to moral principles, which according to him, is possible through the cooperation and convergence of people and officials, and in the context of society. The subject of this article is the moral governance from the perspective of this peripatetic philosopher. The authors first defines governance and then ethical governance, then by adopting the method of content analysis and exploring Farabi's thoughts, they identify and introduce the foundations and signs of this governance/management model. Its purpose is to clarify the content of a percentage of Islamic philosophy in order to provide the content of one of the most important types of governance, for managers and officials of governmental and sub-governmental institutions, as well as citizens.
Educational Sciences, Psychology, Behavioral Sciences and Physical Education
A.A. Hedayati; M. Farajollahi; N. Fazeli; M.R. Sarmadi
Abstract
Open education, in light of an amazing technological development, has transformed the educational system with changes in "educational culture" and an emphasis on the "learner-centered" principle. Since this has not been taken into account in Iran's educational system, the present article critically examines ...
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Open education, in light of an amazing technological development, has transformed the educational system with changes in "educational culture" and an emphasis on the "learner-centered" principle. Since this has not been taken into account in Iran's educational system, the present article critically examines the issue of imperfect construction of an open education system in Iran. To analyze the issue historically, a genealogical method propounded by Foucault has been applied. Genealogy explains the evolution of historical moments in their internal power relations, as Foucault says: it is a discourse which intertwines power and knowledge. The "genealogical analysis" refers to an epistemological strategy formed in various domains of history, political and social sciences. To explain the aforementioned problem, we need to focus on both traditional and modern education discourses in the discursive space of open education. In response to the main question of the article i.e., what could have caused the imperfectness of open education in contemporary Iran? The findings indicate that "neglect to scientific software and discursive aspects", which followed the dominance of instrumental scientific view; "immature understanding of open education" which reduced it to complementary education and "bureaucratic relations" which are in conflict with the democratic character of post-modern education, have all led to the "imperfectness of open education" which has deepened the challenge of the alienation of "science" from culture and society.
Higher Education
R. Mahoozi
Abstract
Development, in a new purport, requires its own special culture; in a way that it arises from within a particular culture and the same is its backer and supporter. Based on this statement, any state that pursues one of the forms of this development, it must inevitably also provide its cultural context ...
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Development, in a new purport, requires its own special culture; in a way that it arises from within a particular culture and the same is its backer and supporter. Based on this statement, any state that pursues one of the forms of this development, it must inevitably also provide its cultural context otherwise; development turns into its antithesis. But development-oriented cultural transformation is sometimes accompanied by the omission of some of the pre-existing cultural variables. Cultural anthropology - a study of culture in general meaning – is in the process to recognize, on the one hand, the plurality of cultures by accepting the principle of cultural relativism, and the other hand, consider cultural necessities of development based on a new wave of development and requirement with a value-based approach. With a new branch of anthropology called developmental anthropology, this study with the help of the logic of the lower natives, tries to challenge the developmental elites and make them aware of the consequences of their hasty decisions. In other words, this article intends to analyze the challenge of cultural anthropology and propose some solutions. Today, anthropology seeks to bridge multiple realities of the human world on the one hand, and preserve cultural pluralism as a source of cultural creativity on the other.
F. Asghari
Abstract
Like any other community, the university has its own cultural set up. But unfortunately, the culture, which is currently dominating the Iranian higher education institutions, does not meet the expectations of a scientific community. The present study, based on views and experiences of academics as well ...
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Like any other community, the university has its own cultural set up. But unfortunately, the culture, which is currently dominating the Iranian higher education institutions, does not meet the expectations of a scientific community. The present study, based on views and experiences of academics as well as using an interpretive approach, tries to answer the main research question as why and how such a disorder prevails in academic culture. In this qualitative study, the Grounded Theory has been applied as research methods. The selection of participants, including faculty members from higher education institutions, was based on theoretical sampling. It continued until achieving a saturation point. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews, including 17 individual and 4 group interviews. Data were categorized via three-stage coding (open, axial and selective) and classified into 1900 codes, 458 concepts, 101 subcategories and 32 main categories. Further, the data analysis was carried out based on the concept of context, analytical tool paradigm (conditions, action-interaction and consequences) and conditional-consequential analytical strategy matrix. Based on the acquired results "non-adherence to academic norms" was selected as a central phenomenon, and the final model was based on causal conditions and contextual factors at micro and macro levels, academic interaction including resistance, silence and abuse as well as the consequences including individual, organizational and national ones. The final outcome indicates the strengthening and reproduction of the central phenomenon in case of lack of university actions to help improve the situation.
Educational Sciences, Psychology, Behavioral Sciences and Physical Education
M. Dasta; O. Shokri; Sh. Pakdaman; J. Fathabadi
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate, explore and explain the characteristics, features and components attributed to the notion of wisdom in Iran. To this end, the explicit theory of wisdom, i.e. individuals’ perceptions of wisdom, was used. All above-20 years old Iranians comprised ...
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The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate, explore and explain the characteristics, features and components attributed to the notion of wisdom in Iran. To this end, the explicit theory of wisdom, i.e. individuals’ perceptions of wisdom, was used. All above-20 years old Iranians comprised the population of the study. Following purposeful and convenience sampling procedures, 328 Iranians (134 males and 194 females) coming from different ethnic backgrounds (Persians, Azerbaijani Turks, Kurds, Arabs, the Turkmen, Lurs and the Baluch) were selected and required to answer a researcher-developed open-ended questionnaire followed by content analysis of data. Findings suggested/indicated that for %94.2 of the participants, exemplars of wise people are male with an average age of 62.9. Also, 27.9%, 20.1%, 19.15% and 12.6% of wisdom exemplars came from religious figures/leaders, people-around-me, experts/specialists and social-political figures respectively. Five main/major categories/themes of wisdom were ‘intellectuality’, ‘morality’, ‘civilization’, ‘performance’ and ‘virtue/spirituality’. Further analyses of components and categories revealed that of all characteristics/features attributed to wisdom, %37.05 were associated with intellectuality, %26.5 with performance, %18.6 with morality, %8.01 with civilization and %4.4 with spirituality. Findings are used to argue that ‘wisdom’ in Iranian society and for Iranians in general is a hybrid/combination of Western (rooted in cognition and intellectuality) and Eastern (based on socio-affective propositions and spirituality) doctrines of wisdom.
M. Allahyari; S. Ketabi
Abstract
Gender is an important cultural issue towards which there are different views in different cultures. Investigating the similarities and differences among cultures can shed light knowing that cultures. In this regard, educational systems play a vital role, either directly or indirectly, in familiarizing ...
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Gender is an important cultural issue towards which there are different views in different cultures. Investigating the similarities and differences among cultures can shed light knowing that cultures. In this regard, educational systems play a vital role, either directly or indirectly, in familiarizing students with different cultures, and textbooks are recognized as one of the most important tools for framing students’ intellectual framework. This way, the specific purpose of the present study is to examine the representation of gender in Persian, English, and French textbooks written in a seventy-year old period (i.e. from 1938 to 2015). In this regard, nine textbooks including: 3 Persian textbooks written in 1940 (1319), 1984 (1361), and 2012 (1391); 3 French textbooks written in 1937 (1316), 1988 (1367), and 2012 (1391); and 3 English textbooks written in 1940 (1319), 1984 (1361), and 2012 (1391) were gathered and investigated. The results of qualitative content analysis and frequency measures showed similarities and differences regarding the representation of gender in the textbooks that seem to have been less visible. Moreover, in English and French textbooks, there are some traces of bias towards females. The results of the present study could open new vistas towards intercultural relationships among Iran, England, and French.
Social Sciences and Communications
I. Erfanmanesh; S. Sadeghi Fasaei
Abstract
Conceptualization and deliberation around the society of Iran as a sort of the information society is one of the newborn issues after Islamic revolution of Iran. Hereupon, in the statements of the supreme Islamic revolution leader, Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the socio-cultural aspects and considerations ...
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Conceptualization and deliberation around the society of Iran as a sort of the information society is one of the newborn issues after Islamic revolution of Iran. Hereupon, in the statements of the supreme Islamic revolution leader, Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the socio-cultural aspects and considerations on ICTS are outstanding and elicitable. Applying the theoretical approach of “the socio-cultural impact, functioning, and shaping of ICTS” and the documentary research method, this article tries theoretically to code, form, and categorize the most important socio-cultural ICTS elements reflected in the statements of the supreme leader of the Islamic revolution, and review the relevant sociological theories. In this regard, the three key aspects are as follow: 1) the substantial and incentive features and socio-cultural placement of technology 2) the socio-cultural preparations and necessities of technology 3) the socio-cultural harms and threats of technology. Overall, it seems that, in articulating the abovementioned elements, besides some socio-cultural theoretical considerations, the themes such as religious believes, ethic, rational and cultural foundations, national identity, mobility, safety, and emphasis on the agency of the Iranian youths are of importance.
Sociology
Mojtaba Babakhani; Asghar Eftekhari
Abstract
Culture is proposed as an important criterion in politics management which has been considered in various systems. althoughlots of cultural elements are forming gradually during the time and by the effect of different causes, one cannot ignore the role of government policies in organizing them. Therefore ...
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Culture is proposed as an important criterion in politics management which has been considered in various systems. althoughlots of cultural elements are forming gradually during the time and by the effect of different causes, one cannot ignore the role of government policies in organizing them. Therefore one of the important duties of government in Islamic society is to determine the principles and general policies in the scope of managing the culture of society. The cultural principles and policies of Islamic Republic of Iran, that are formed based on Islamic thoughts, of course should be designed and drawn upon these thoughts. Accordingly, the main question of the current research is that: what are the ruling principles in the cultural policy-making of Iran’s society? According to the operational approach of the researchers, Imam Khomeini’s theory has been chosen as the base of the research. For this purpose, the content analysis method is used to study his most important speeches in this realm and we have tried to represent a model in which explains the most important cultural policy-making principles in the view of Imam Khomeini.
Ali Rabbani; Zahra Maher
Abstract
The main characteristic (feature) of the sociology of knowledge and science is its emphasis on the culture and cultural analysis within the scientific and technological research. This study concerns with the study of two research fields in which new sociologists of science and technology have presented ...
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The main characteristic (feature) of the sociology of knowledge and science is its emphasis on the culture and cultural analysis within the scientific and technological research. This study concerns with the study of two research fields in which new sociologists of science and technology have presented their cultural analysis. These two fields include: sociology of scientific knowledge and cultural studies of science.Sociology of scientific knowledge is the first school of thought which makes the content of scientific knowledge inclined to and compliant with the cultural and sociological analysis. In SSK, the main presupposition is that “the scientific knowledge is totally arbitrary.” Accordingly, the design and evaluation of scientific theories and claims are the consequence of social interests and cultural inclinations (trends), in a way that the scientific theories become a tool for the justification, legitimating, encouragement and contentment.At the early 1990s, with the rise of crisis (chaos) within the explanations of sociology of scientific knowledge and a flood of criticism against it, the whole subjectivity of the field came to a standstill (reached an impasse) and the initiatives in scientific research were replaced by different theoretical orientations like cultural studies. In contrast to the sociology of scientific knowledge, the cultural studies of science concerns with the rejection of “explanation” and, instead, focuses on the “meaning” and “understanding”. In other words, it has come back to an old dispute between explanatory and hermeneutic approaches and those which pursue the regulative (legalistic) comprehensiveness along the more positivistic lines.This emerging field emphasizes the issue that the uncertainty, instability, ambiguity (vagueness) and difference must be given a more important role in sciences. Cultural studies of science gave rise to a change from the sociology of scientific knowledge to a new culturalism.
Ebrahim Fayaz; Hossein Sarfaraz; Ali Ahmadi
Volume 4, Issue 4 , December 2012, , Pages 91-116
Abstract
Studying the Location and spatial performances as a part of human behavioris discussed in semiotics nowadays. These man-made effectsare including information and meaning that is the subject of semiotics. Cultural landscapes reflected their dominant cultures and can reveal the meaning as targeted by the ...
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Studying the Location and spatial performances as a part of human behavioris discussed in semiotics nowadays. These man-made effectsare including information and meaning that is the subject of semiotics. Cultural landscapes reflected their dominant cultures and can reveal the meaning as targeted by the creator of the effects or human. Hence, semiotic of cultural landscape is considered to be one of the ways and means of understanding meaning in human living environment. In this way, cultural landscapes are reviewed as the text and context. For discovering such texts or contexts through cultural landscapes, their signification and meaning can be employed. This research is exploring of meaning and contains of cultural landscapes by semiotics and its method. This research reveals that studying about cultural landscapes as "text" and "context" with consideration time conditions, cultural signs and symbols play important role in understanding them. Because, these effectsas tangiblephenomenonare connected with internal fact of human, through them the meaning can be discovered. Hence, this meaning discovering is obtained by semiotics.
Morteza Bahrani; Seyed Mohsen Alavi Poor
Abstract
Political thought as a normative knowledge seeks a good society and the means for its realization. Accordingly, every intellectual paradigm introduces us a social and individual situation which is the best. This model, itself requires a dramatic change in the culture and flourishes it. In another words, ...
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Political thought as a normative knowledge seeks a good society and the means for its realization. Accordingly, every intellectual paradigm introduces us a social and individual situation which is the best. This model, itself requires a dramatic change in the culture and flourishes it. In another words, there is a necessary relationship between the elements of political thought and the culture in every society. This relationship is twofold, so it is impossible to indicate whether which aspect is the first. So every paradigm feeds some special elements into the current culture of society, while there is it feedback. It is important that political thought goes in search of condition for cultural flourishing which is according whit the criteria of good society. This paper focuses on most important paradigm in political thought history and shows the trend in which indicates the relationships between political thought and culture. This trend looks at human beings as "citizen", then "the individual"; and in the modem era, paradigms of "critical modem", "postmodern", and "communitarian" has a key role in prospering the realm of culture.
Yaaghob Ahmadi
Abstract
Attention to culture in politics, like this, is a new subject. Most part of research about political culture in Iran has been focused on Almond and Verba thesis of political culture. This paper for measuring of political culture and typology of it, use Inglehart and Welzel (2005) thesis about political ...
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Attention to culture in politics, like this, is a new subject. Most part of research about political culture in Iran has been focused on Almond and Verba thesis of political culture. This paper for measuring of political culture and typology of it, use Inglehart and Welzel (2005) thesis about political culture- it is called "self experiment".This paper is a survey study by control of terms, is a broaden study by extended and is a cutting study by time (in the second half of 1388). The population is the entire person that has more than 18 years old in Sanandaj city. The sample size based on Kockran formula is 349. The questionnaires with suitable structures validity (based on Kronbagh's coefficient of Alfa) in the ratio of age, sex in deferent areas have been distributed. There are many research results: The mead of political culture in Sanandaj city was in type of Democratic capacity. Results show that there are meaningful relation between type of political culture and ethnic tolerance approach.
Jabbar Rahmani; Zahra Sharbafchizadeh
Abstract
Throughout history, many Iranian communities have migrated to India. Some of them integrated into Indian society, some others lived there as a minority with their special Iranian identity. During early 20th century a community immigrated from Kemran and south area of Iran. Now they are known as Irani, ...
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Throughout history, many Iranian communities have migrated to India. Some of them integrated into Indian society, some others lived there as a minority with their special Iranian identity. During early 20th century a community immigrated from Kemran and south area of Iran. Now they are known as Irani, Gharibe (foreigner, and Baluchi. This Baluchis are different from Iranian and Pakistani Baluchis. The main center of Baluchis in India is Bhopal in MP. The problem is that how they identify themselves and their identity. During my fieldwork within this community, r found that they define fluid and dynamic identity. Their discursive and synthetic experience of identity showed that fluid and layered identity is possible in not only modem, but also in traditional multicultural context. Our data shows that Baluchis through their layered identity have been able to sustain and to continue their Indo-lranian identity.
Ali Rabbani; Zahra Maher
Abstract
Formerly most sociologists of science and technology did little to research in the formal literature of the Sociology of Culture and may even were resistant to cultural analysis. The sociologists of culture have also written little analysis on the process of knowledge and technology production. This ...
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Formerly most sociologists of science and technology did little to research in the formal literature of the Sociology of Culture and may even were resistant to cultural analysis. The sociologists of culture have also written little analysis on the process of knowledge and technology production. This is contrary to the basic characteristic of the new sociology of knowledge and science that is emphasis on culture and cultural analysis in science and technology studies. In this article, we trace and analyze how sociologists of science and technology have performed cultural analysis. More recent moves to extend studies of science and technology "outward" beyond formal scientific settings have created new possibilities for the sociology of culture. They have also attracted more attention to the place of culture in knowledge and technology studies. Of these recent attempts are the studies on materialistic culture, scientific citizenship, macro - epistemic (culture in knowledge society), and finally civic epistemologies.
Yousef Abazari; Sara Shariati; Mehdi Faraji
Abstract
One of the most challengeable concepts in humanities is concept of “Civilization”. There is no agreement on its definition and orientation. In spite of much literature has been produced on “Civilization”, but everyone has especial approach. Some of them look at the past and realize ...
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One of the most challengeable concepts in humanities is concept of “Civilization”. There is no agreement on its definition and orientation. In spite of much literature has been produced on “Civilization”, but everyone has especial approach. Some of them look at the past and realize civilization as a historical phenomenon. Some of them look at the present and realize civilization as a project. Some of them look at the future and think about the end of civilization. In the last group, some thinkers are worry and predict horror and savage and some other thinkers are happy about the end of civilization. Also, some thinkers define civilization as an ideology. In this article, we tried to glimpse these views and conceptualize from problematics of culture/civilization and interpret approaches of civilization.
Mohammad Aref; Mostaf Mokhtabad; Vahid Golestan
Abstract
At present, Armenian are the only tribe or nation who may pour water to each other once per year on 2nd Sunday of August from rising of sun up to its falling and through holding a great ceremony in different squares, streets and beside the rivers. Armenian name this old ceremony as Vardavar and any violation ...
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At present, Armenian are the only tribe or nation who may pour water to each other once per year on 2nd Sunday of August from rising of sun up to its falling and through holding a great ceremony in different squares, streets and beside the rivers. Armenian name this old ceremony as Vardavar and any violation of it may cause horrible results. This article intends to provide an analytical & basic consideration of Vardavar native ceremony in Armenian culture. According to the findings of this research it is obvious that Iranian kindness was the origin of Armenian Vardavar. According to the historical, political and social records of Armenian with Iranian at Middle Asia and Eastern part of the world, it is completely clear that cultural relations of Armenian with Iranian people were more that other countries through the history. In addition, Iranian Mitra has always caused close relations between different cultures of tribes and nations in Iranian plateau, Middle Asia, Near East and a part of Europe. The study method of this research is library, documentary, interview and common observation at 11 great provinces of Armenia through a period of 5 years.
Naser Bahonar; Tahereh Jafari Keyzaghan
Abstract
This paper explains the effects of TV on culture by an emphasis on ethnical and national identities. The provided results which have been obtained from a part of a scientific research in IRIB research center show that on one hand, messages on some issues have been repeatedly broadcasted from IRI TV in ...
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This paper explains the effects of TV on culture by an emphasis on ethnical and national identities. The provided results which have been obtained from a part of a scientific research in IRIB research center show that on one hand, messages on some issues have been repeatedly broadcasted from IRI TV in three sections namely satiric programs, news and serials and watchers have been exposed to these messages, and on the other hand, watching TV has no influence on ethnical identity of the individuals. For national identity, the results of multivariable regression proves that level of watching TV has been entered into the equation and has been known as the third influential element after variables including communication network domain and level of individuals’ self confidence. On the whole, despite the fact that IRI TV produces and broadcasts messages regarding any of the identity issues under investigation, yet such messages are beside other influential elements and TV has been an effective element on the view of addressees regarding identity after social system variables. Moreover, the investigation showed that despite Gerbner’s Cultivation theory, TV in Iran has no Cultivation influence on the minds of addressees and people are more under the influence of other social system variables.
Ali Nourimotlagh
Abstract
Despite the fact that, some live creatures have more civilizational and cultural complex structure comparing to human beings, but humans are inclined toward mixed perfection of right -cerebral, left-cerebral ( with strength and weakness in different societies), and their balanced growth and development. ...
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Despite the fact that, some live creatures have more civilizational and cultural complex structure comparing to human beings, but humans are inclined toward mixed perfection of right -cerebral, left-cerebral ( with strength and weakness in different societies), and their balanced growth and development. Therefore, human beings from the first step of creation have used their genetic power in any environment and society. The growth of that compilation depends on cultural feature and formed by culture according to right cerebral. The growth of compilation ends on established civilization and is created as a result of being left cerebral. In this sense, we can study, calculate, predict and plan the cultural and civilizational processes of different societies depended on right or left cerebrality. The question of this article is that, what kind of relationship is there between the right- cerebral left cerebral, civilization and culture?This paper is descriptive and data collection is based on library and documentary method with the index card and chart instrument.
Mohammad Bagher Babaei Talatapeh
Abstract
This article aims to study culture in relation to elements of national power and answer to this question that how Imam Ali sees situation of culture in relation with political, economic, social and military factors of national power. Based on content analysis method of sermons (khotba), poems and short ...
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This article aims to study culture in relation to elements of national power and answer to this question that how Imam Ali sees situation of culture in relation with political, economic, social and military factors of national power. Based on content analysis method of sermons (khotba), poems and short words of Imam Ali, the findings reveal that he was more focused on culture during his statesmanship and gave more developmental, theoretical and valuable principles preference to other elements of power and national authority; in a way that Imam Ali`s political, social, economic and military behaviors, were more based on realism, truth-boundnes, god-centrality, perfectionism and human –revolveness,
Mohammad Amin Ghaneirad
Abstract
Most of the current policy-making literature in scholar and executive institutions in industrial and technological fields explains Iran’s failure in industrialization process as the result of economic, organizational, and managerial factors. However, this approach itself is among the factors which ...
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Most of the current policy-making literature in scholar and executive institutions in industrial and technological fields explains Iran’s failure in industrialization process as the result of economic, organizational, and managerial factors. However, this approach itself is among the factors which hinder the technology-localization process. Explaining this problem, the present study attempts to explore some conceptual and theoretical issues to understand technology in a broad view –especially in cultural approach. In the theoretical part, the contradiction among technology-oriented and heritage-oriented cultures, innovative production and consumption of technology, cultural rooting and institutional independence of technology, and continuity of cultural heritage in the technological world are discussed; while in another part of the study the influence of two cultures contradiction –among them conflict between heritage and technological canons of culture, epistemological challenges among modern intellectuals, and the consumption edge of Iranian innovative culture of technology- on the pattern of technology’s production and consumption in Iran would be explored. In conclusion, as a result of cultural analysis of technology, some general strategies would be explored and further studies in different aspects is suggested in order to achieve an advanced meta-analysis and offering policies to promote national conduct in cultural policy-making and technological development.
Saeid Reza Ameli; Hamideh Mowlaei
Abstract
This article aimed to investigate the intercultural sensitivities between Sunnite Turkmen groups and Shiite groups in Golestan province of Iran through considering the most important factors influenced it. The intercultural development inventory (IDI), which designed according to Milton Bennet's the ...
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This article aimed to investigate the intercultural sensitivities between Sunnite Turkmen groups and Shiite groups in Golestan province of Iran through considering the most important factors influenced it. The intercultural development inventory (IDI), which designed according to Milton Bennet's the intercultural sensitivities theory, was utilised to examine the intercultural sensitivities between those Muslim groups. The intercultural sensitivities theory essentially states that the more communication among people leads them to have the less intercultural sensitivities. In other words, the development of communications among people causes to diminish their intercultural sensitivities. In this study, both virtual and actual measurement domains were used in order to measure the communications development of two groups. The development of virtual communications was measured according people's interactivity with different types of media, especially Satellite and Internet, whereas the actual one was measured based on three cities varying according to different religious distribution. Finally this article concluded that the development of virtual and actual communications led to decreasing intercultural sensitivities among people in this area.
Ahmad Saffar Moghadam
Abstract
The present study attempts to compare the concept of “deference” in Farsi and Korean. Data gathering happened in a two years study in South Korea, and Korean students in Korea and Iran were interviewed.Deference is a culturally-rooted universal concept. However, it appears differently in ...
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The present study attempts to compare the concept of “deference” in Farsi and Korean. Data gathering happened in a two years study in South Korea, and Korean students in Korea and Iran were interviewed.Deference is a culturally-rooted universal concept. However, it appears differently in various languages. Persian and Korean, though from different linguistic families, have both applied signs and elements of deference and this is their common aspect. There are some aspects of historical, religious, and cultural similarities between Iranian and Korean societies which may account for this. Social hierarchy and Confuciusian rituals play an important role in the system of deference in Korean society. Deference construction used to be very complicated in the Korean language, but nowadays it is simple; as a result, the seven-level system of expressions is transformed into a four-level one, emphasizing formality, politeness, intimacy, and simplicity. No sentence in Korean could be expressed unless one of these deference signs are involved. Deference signs are usually verbal suffixes included in all Korean verbs. Furthermore, as in the Persian language, there are some special words in Korean which exclusively express deference.
Maryam Sadat Ghiasian
Abstract
This study attempts to introduce two main currents in orientalism, the classic and the modern. The Western attitude toward the Orient, and especially Islam, is analyzed in both currents and the operative factors that lead to modern orientalism are surveyed. The 9th September 2001 event is here considered ...
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This study attempts to introduce two main currents in orientalism, the classic and the modern. The Western attitude toward the Orient, and especially Islam, is analyzed in both currents and the operative factors that lead to modern orientalism are surveyed. The 9th September 2001 event is here considered one of the most important points in modern orientalism. Media are here assumed to play a crucial role in representation of the orientalist and racist attitudes which nowadays focus on cultural differences. Accordingly, the present study surveys reflections of western cultural attitudes toward Iran in the linguistic construction of two British journals, the Guardian and the Daily Telegraph and two American ones, Time and Newsweek, after the occurrence of the 9/11 event.
Younes Nourbakhsh
Abstract
The present study attempts to offer a model for social and cultural solidarity: a model based on ethnic and cultural diversity which help to the richness of a culture. Therefore, different approaches to culture, ethnicity and nation would be discussed and then, the concept of intercultural policies and ...
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The present study attempts to offer a model for social and cultural solidarity: a model based on ethnic and cultural diversity which help to the richness of a culture. Therefore, different approaches to culture, ethnicity and nation would be discussed and then, the concept of intercultural policies and thus its social and cultural consequences will be analyzed: the policies which are born in a special geographical situation and correlated with specific historical events. These cultural policies could not be applied unless the geographical, political, historical, cultural and social dimensions are taken into acount. In this regard, application of cultural policies in Iran will be evaluated and an appropriate model (structural unity and cultural pluralism) will be introduced which reinforces not only the concept of nation and national solidarity but also the cultural diversity.